آموزش زبان انگلیسی

09144542748

آموزش زبان انگلیسی | مطالب خواندنی

مسعود حکیمیان
آموزش زبان انگلیسی 09144542748

ضرب المثل

Between the devil and the deep sea

To choose between two equally bad alternatives in a serious dilemma.

 

 

 

Where there's a will there's a way

 

When a person really wants to do something, he will find a way of doing it.

 

 

 

A burnt child dreads fire

 

A bad experience or a horrifying incident may scar one's attitude or thinking for a lifetime.

 

 

 

First come, first served

 

The first in line will be attended to first.

 

 

 

A friend in need is a friend indeed

 

A friend who helps when one is in trouble is a real friend.

 

 

 

Discretion is the better part of valor

 

 

If you say discretion is the better part of valor, you mean that avoiding a dangerous or unpleasant situation is sometimes the most sensible thing to do.

 

 

 

A hungry man is an angry man

 

A person who does not get what he wants or needs is a frustrated person and will be easily provoked to rage.

 

 

 

Empty vessels make the most noise

 

Those people who have a little knowledge usually talk the most and make the greatest fuss.

 

 

 

A man is as old as he feels

 

A person's age is immaterial - it is only when he thinks and feels that he is ageing that he actually becomes old.

 

 

 

Great talkers are little doers

 

Those people who talk a lot and are always teaching others usually do not do much work.

 

 

 

An idle brain is the devil's workshop

 

One who has nothing to do will be tempted to do many mischievous acts.

 

 

 

An ounce of discretion is worth a pound of wit

 

It is better to be careful and discrete than to be clever.

 

 

 

Faint heart never won fair lady

 

To succeed in life one must have the courage to pursue what he wants.

 

 

 

A penny saved is a penny gained

 

By being thrifty one will be able to save up.

 

 

 

A rolling stone gathers no moss

 

 

A person who never settles in one place or who often changes his job will not succeed in life ; one who is always changing his mind will never get anything done.

 

 

 

As you sow, so you shall reap

 

One will either enjoy or suffer the consequences of his earlier actions or inactions.

 

 

 

Barking dogs seldom bite

 

Those who make loud threats seldom carry them out.

 

 

 

Better late than never

 

To do something that is right, profitable, or good a little late is still better than not doing it at all. 

 

 

 

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush

 

 

Something that one already has is better than going after something seemingly more worthwhile that one may not be able to get.

 

 

 

Birds of a feather flock together

 

People of the same sort of character or belief always go together.

 

 

 

Call a spade a spade

 

 

If you say that someone calls a spade a spade, you mean that they speak frankly and directly, often about embarrassing or unpleasant subjects; an informal expression.

 

 

 

Charity begins at home

 

A person's first obligation should be to help the member of his own family before he can begin thinking of talking about helping others.

 

 

 

Dead men tell no lies

 

 

( often used as an argument for killing someone whose knowledge of a secret may cause one loss or get into serious trouble.)

 

 

 

A great talker is a great liar

 

A smooth and persuasive talker may be a good liar.

 

 

 

Every cloud has a silver lining

 

 

If you say that every cloud has a silver lining, you mean that every sad or unpleasant situation has a positive side to it. If you talk about silver lining you are talking about something positive that comes out of a sad or unpleasant situation.

 

 

 

All that glitters is not gold

 

Do not be deceived by things or offers that appear to be attractive.

 

 

 

Eat to live, but do not live to eat

 

Man was created for a divine purpose and he has a destiny with his Creator - he was not born just to enjoy food.

 

 

 

Don't put all your eggs in one basket

 

One should not risk everything he has in a single venture.

 

 

 

Every dog has its day

 

Everyone will get a period of success or satisfaction during his lifetime.

 

 

 

Every one can find fault, few can do better

 

It is easier to find fault in other people's actions or methods than to do it properly or correctly.

 

 

 

Any time means no time

 

When an event is not decided on or planned earlier it will never take place.

 

 

 

Fair exchange is no robbery

 

 

A contract is fair as long as both the parties understand and agree to the conditions willingly; after a deal is closed neither side can turn around and say that he was unfairly treated.

 

 

 

Fire is a good servant but a bad master

 

Fire, like any other manmade tool or device, will serve man well only when it is controlled and used wisely.

 

 

 

 


موضوعات مرتبط: مطالب خواندنی

تاريخ : دوشنبه بیست و چهارم مهر ۱۳۹۱ | 11:39 | نویسنده : مسعود حکیمیان |

Designing Multiple-choice Questions

Designing Multiple-choice Questions

1.     Does is ever fail to be true that none of the so-called "Quagmire Factors" sometimes come into play during a routine Helzog-Froomish analysis?

A. Yes, always
B. No, never
C. No, always
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
F. "A" and "C"
G. "D" and "E"
VII. Sometimes "Y"

A multiple-choice question (MCQ) is composed of two parts: a stem that identifies the question or problem, and a set of alternatives or possible answers that contain a key that is the best answer to the question, and a number of distractors that are plausible but incorrect answers to the question. Students respond to MCQs by indicating the alternative that they believe best answers or completes the stem. There are many advantages to using MCQs for assessment. One key advantage is that the questions are easy to mark and can even be scored by a computer, which makes them an attractive assessment approach for large classes. Well designed MCQs allow testing for a wide breadth of content and objectives and provide an objective measurement of student ability.

The following suggestions for designing MCQs are organized into three sections: 1) General Strategies, 2) Designing Stems, and 3) Designing Alternatives.

General Strategies

·         Write questions throughout the term. Multiple-choice question exams are challenging and time-consuming to create. You will find it easier if you write a few questions each week, perhaps after a lecture when the course material is still fresh in your mind.

·         Instruct students to select the “best answer” rather than the “correct answer”. By doing this, you acknowledge the fact that the distractors may have an element of truth to them and discourage arguments from students who may argue that their answer is correct as well.

·         Use familiar language. The question should use the same terminology that was used in the course. Avoid using unfamiliar expressions or foreign language terms, unless measuring knowledge of such language is one of the goals of the question. Students are likely to dismiss distractors with unfamiliar terms as incorrect.

·         Avoid giving verbal association clues from the stem in the key. If the key uses words that are very similar to words found in the stem, students are more likely to pick it as the correct answer.

·         Avoid trick questions. Questions should be designed so that students who know the material can find the correct answer. Questions designed to lead students to an incorrect answer, through misleading phrasing or by emphasizing an otherwise unimportant detail of the solution, violate this principle.

·         Avoid negative wording. Students often fail to observe negative wording and it can confuse them. As a result, students who are familiar with the material often make mistakes on negatively worded questions. In general, avoid having any negatives in the stem or the options. In the rare cases where you use negatives be sure to emphasize the key words by putting them in upper case, and bolding or underlining them. For example:

The University of Waterloo does NOT have a building of this name?

a.) B.C. Matthews Hall
b.) Carl A. Pollock Hall
c.) I.L. Neilson Hall
d.) Douglas Wright Engineering Building

Designing Stems

·         Express the full problem in the stem. When creating the item, ask yourself if the students would be able to answer the question without looking at the options. This makes the purpose of the question clear.

·         Put all relevant material in the stem. Do not repeat in each of the alternatives information that can be included in the stem. This makes options easier to read and understand, and makes it easier for students to answer the question quickly.

·         Eliminate excessive wording and irrelevant information from the stem. Irrelevant information in the stem confuses students and leads them to waste time:

A number of books have been published about the University of Waterloo. These books fall into various genres such as photographic histories, biographies of prominent people involved with the University, and accounts of the history of individual departments. Among them was a book whose author is known as "Simon the Troll". What is the title of this book?

a.) Dreaming in Technicolor
b.) Water Under the Bridge
c.) Of Mud and Dreams
d.) Images of Waterloo

Most of the stem is not necessary to answer the question. A better question would be:

What is the title of the book about UW written by “Simon the Troll”?

e.) Dreaming in Technicolor
f.) *Water Under the Bridge
g.) Of Mud and Dreams
h.) Images of Waterloo

Designing Alternatives

·         Limit the number of alternatives. Use between three and five alternatives per question. Research shows that three-choice items are about as effective as four or five-choice items, mainly because it is difficult to come up with plausible distractors.

·         Make sure there is only one best answer. Avoid having two or more options that are correct, but where one is “more” correct than the others. The distractors should be incorrect answers to the question posed in the stem.

·         Make the distractors appealing and plausible. If the distractors are farfetched, students will too easily locate the correct answer, even if they have little knowledge. When testing for recognition of key terms and ideas keep the distractors similar in length and type of language as the correct solution. When testing conceptual understanding, distractors should represent common mistakes made by students.

UW Counselling Services provides workshops about:

a.) cooking skills
b.) hockey refereeing
c.) *study skills
d.) fire safety and prevention

It is unlikely that students would choose options a, b, or d, even if they didn’t know the answer. A better question would have plausible links between the stem and the distractors:

UW Counselling Services provides workshops about:

a.) preparing for marriage
b.) presentation skills
c.) * study skills
d.) psychotherapy research

·         Make the choices gramatically consistent with the stem. Read the stem and each of the choices aloud to make sure that they are grammatically correct.

·         Place the choices in some meaningful order. When possible, place the choices in numerical, chronological or conceptual order. A better structured question is easier to read and respond to:

During what period was James Downey the president of UW?

a.) 1990-1996
b.) 1991-1997
c.) 1992-1998
d.) *1993-1999

·         Randomly distribute the correct response. The exam should have roughly the same number of correct answers that are a's, b's, c's, and d's (assuming there are four choices per question).

·         Avoid using “all of the above”. If “all of the above” is an option and students know two of the options are correct, the answer must be “all of the above”. If they know one is incorrect, the answer must not be “all of the above”. A student may also read the first option, determine that it is correct, and be misled into choosing it without reading all of the options.

·         Avoid using “none of the above”. The option “none of the above” does not test whether the student knows the correct answer, but only that he/she knows the distractors aren’t correct.

·         Refrain from using words such as always, never, all, or none. Most students know that few things are universally true or false, so distractors with these words in them can often be easily dismissed.

·         Avoid overlapping choices. Make the alternatives mutually exclusive. It should never be the case that if one of the distractors is true, another distractor must be true as well.

·         Avoid questions of the form “Which of the following statements is correct?” There is no clear question being asked, and the choices are often heterogeneous. Such questions are better presented in the form of True/False questions.

 


موضوعات مرتبط: مطالب خواندنی

تاريخ : دوشنبه بیست و چهارم مهر ۱۳۹۱ | 11:18 | نویسنده : مسعود حکیمیان |

روش صحیح مطالعه

نكاتي چند درمورد روشهاي صحيح مطالعه

بارها شنيده ايم كه دانش آموز يا دانشجويي مي گويد :

(( ديگرحال و حوصله خواندن اين كتاب را ندارم ))يا ((آنقدرازاين كتاب خسته شده ام كه قابل گفتن نيست))ويا ((هرچقدرميخوانم مثل اينكه كمتر ياد مي گيريم))ويا ((ده بار خواندم و تكرار كردم ولي بازهم ياد نگرفتم))به راستي مشكل چيست ؟ آيا براي يادگيري درس واقعا" بايد 10 بار كتاب را خواند ؟ آيا بايد دروس خود را پشت سرهم مروركرد؟وآيا بايددهها بار درس راتكراركردتا يادگرفت ؟ مطمئنا" اگر چنين باشد ، مطالعه كاري سخت و طاقت فرسا است . اما واقعيت چيزي ديگر است . واقعيت آن است كه اين گروه از فراگيران ، روش صحيح مطالعه را نمي دانند و متاسفانه در مدرسه و دانشگاه هم چيزي راجع به چگونه درس خواندن نمي آموزند . يادگيري و مطالعه ، رابطه اي تنگاتنگ و مستقيم با يكديگر دارند، تا جايي كه مي توان اين دو را لازم و ملزوم يكديگر دانست. براي اينكه ميزان يادگيري افزايش يابد بايد قبل از هرچيز مطالعه اي فعال و پويا داشت .

شيوه صحيح مطالعه ،چهار مزيت عمده زير را به دنبال دارد:

1- زمان مطالعه را كاهش ميدهد.

2- ميزان يادگيري را افزايش ميدهد .

3-مدت نگهداري مطالب در حافظه را طولاني تر مي كند.

4- بخاطر سپاري اطلاعات را آسانتر مي سازد.

براي داشتن مطالعه اي فعال وپويانوشتن نكات مهم درحين خواندن ضروري است تابراي مرورمطالب،دوباره كتاب رانخوانده ودر زماني كوتاه ازروي يادداشتهاي خودمطالب رامرور كرد .

يادداشت برداري ، بخشي مهم و حساس از مطالعه است كه بايد به آن توجهي خاص داشت . چون موفقيت شما را تا حدودي زياد تضمين خواهد كرد و مدت زمان لازم براي يادگيري را كاهش خواهد داد. خواندن بدون يادداشت برداري يك علت مهم فراموشي است.

شش روش مطالعه :

خواندن بدون نوشتن ،خط كشيدن زيرنكات مهم، حاشيه نويسي  وخلاصه نويسي، كليد برداري خلاقيت و طرح شبكه اي مغز

1-خواندن بدون نوشتن: روش نادرست مطالعه است . مطالعه فرآيندي فعال و پويا است وبراي نيل به اين هدف بايد از تمام حواس خود براي درك صحيح مطالب استفاده كرد. بايد با چشمان خود مطالب را خواند، بايد در زمان مورد نياز مطالب را بلند بلند ادا كرد و نكات مهم را يادداشت كرد تا هم با مطالب مورد مطالعه درگير شده و حضوري فعال و همه جانبه در يادگيري داشت و هم در هنگام مورد نياز ، خصوصا" قبل از امتحان ، بتوان از روي نوشته ها مرور كرد و خيلي سريع مطالب مهم را مجددا" به خاطر سپرد .

2- خط كشيدن زير نكات مهم :اين روش شايد نسبت به روش قبلي بهتر است ولي روش كاملي براي مطالعه نيست چرا كه در اين روش بعضي از افراد بجاي آنكه تمركز و توجه بروي يادگيري و درك مطالب داشته باشند ذهنشان معطوف به خط كشيدن زير نكات مهم مي گردد .حداقل روش صحيح خط كشيدن زير نكات مهم به اين صورت است كه ابتدا مطالب را بخوانند و مفهوم را كاملا" درك كنند و سپس زير نكات مهم خط بكشند نه آنكه در كتاب بدنبال نكات مهم بگردند تا زير آن را خط بكشند .

3- حاشيه نويسي :اين روش نسبت بدو روش قبلي بهتر است ولي بازهم روشي كامل براي درك عميق مطالب و خواندن كتب درسي نيست ولي مي تواند براي يادگيري مطالبي كه از اهميتي چندان برخوردار نيستند مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.

4- خلاصه نويسي : در اين روش شما مطالب را ميخوانيد و آنچه را كه درك كرده ايد بصورت خلاصه بروي دفتري يادداشت مي كنيد كه اين روش براي مطالعه مناسب است و از روشهاي قبلي بهتر مي باشد چرا كه در اين روش ابتدا مطالب را درك كرده سپس آنها را يادداشت مي كنيد اما بازهم بهترين روش براي خواندن نيست .

5- كليد برداري :كليد برداري روشي بسيار مناسب براي خواندن و نوشتن نكات مهم است . در اين روش شما بعد از درك مطالب ، بصورت كليدي نكات مهم را يادداشت مي كنيد و در واقع كلمه كليدي كوتاهترين، راحتترين ،بهترين وپرمعني ترين كلمه اي است كه با ديدن آن، مفهوم جمله تداعي شده و به خاطر آورده مي شود .

6- خلاقيت و طرح شبكه اي مغز: اين روش بهترين شيوه براي يادگيري خصوصا" فراگيري مطالب درسي است .در اين روش شما مطالب را ميخوانيد بعد از درك حقيقي آنها نكات مهم را به زبان خودتان و بصورت كليدي يادداشت مي كنيد و سپس كلمات كليدي را بروي طرح شبكه اي مغز مي نويسد ( در واقع نوشته هاي خود را به بهترين شكل ممكن سازماندهي مي كنيد و نكات اصلي و فرعي را مشخص مي كنيد)تا در دفعات بعد به جاي دوباره خواني كتاب ، فقط به طرح شبكه اي مراجعه كرده وبا ديدن كلمات كليدي نوشته شده بروي طرح شبكه اي مغز ، آنها را خيلي سريع مرور كنيد . اين روش درصد موفقيت تحصيلي شما را تا حدود بسيار زيادي افزايش ميدهد و درس خواندن را بسيار آسان مي كند. و بازده مطالعه را افزايش ميدهد.

شرايط مطالعه

((بكارگيري شرايط مطالعه يعني بهره وري بيشتر از مطالعه ))

شرايط مطالعه ، مواردي هستند كه با دانستن ، بكارگيري و يا فراهم نمودن آنها ، مي توان مطالعه اي مفيدتر با بازدهي بالاتر داشت و در واقع اين شرايط به شما مي آموزند كه قبل از شروع مطالعه چه اصولي را به كار گيريد ، در حين مطالعه چه مواردي را فراهم سازيد و چگونه به اهداف مطالعاتي خود برسيد و با دانستن آنها مي توانيد با آگاهي بيشتري درس خواندن را آغاز كنيد و مطالعه اي فعالتر داشته باشيد :

1- آغاز درست :براي موفقيت در مطالعه ،بايد درست آغازكنيد.

2- برنامه ريزي : يكي از عوامل اصلي موفقيت ، داشتن برنامه منظم است .

3- نظم و ترتيب: اساس هر سازماني به نظم آن بستگي دارد .

4-حفظ آرامش: آرامش ضمير ناخود آگاه را پويا و فعال ميكند.

5- استفاده صحيح از وقت :بنيامين فرانكلين، ((آيا زندگي را دوست داريد؟ پس وقت را تلف نكنيد زيرا زندگي از وقت تشكيل شده است .))

6- سلامتي و تندرستي: عقل سالم در بدن سالم است .

7- تغذيه مناسب: تغذيه صحيح نقش مهمي در سلامتي دارد.

8 – ورزش : ورزش كليد عمر طولاني است .

9-خواب كافي: خواب فراگيري و حافظه را تقويت مي كند.

10 –درك مطلب:آنچه در حافظه بلند مدت باقي مي ماند ، يعني مطالب است .

چند توصيه مهم كه بايد فراگيران علم ازآن مطلع باشند.

1- حداكثر زماني كه افراد مي توانند فكر خود را بروي موضوعي متمركز كنند بيش از 30 دقيقه نيست ، يعني بايد سعي شود حدود 30 دقيقه بروي يك مطلب تمركز نمود و يا مطالعه داشت و حدود 10 الي 15 دقيقه استراحت نمود سپس مجددا" با همين روال شروع به مطالعه كرد.

2- پيش از مطالعه از صرف غذاهاي چرب و سنگين خودداري كنيد. و چند ساعت پس از صرف غذا مطالعه نمائيد چون پس از صرف غذاي سنگين بيشتر جريان خون متوجه دستگاه گوارش ميشود تا به هضم و جذب غذا كمك كند و لذا خونرساني به مغز كاهش مي يابد و از قدرت تفكر و تمركز كاسته ميشود . از مصرف الكل و دارو هم خودداري فرمائيد همچنين غذاهاي آردي مثل نان و قندي قدرت ادراك و تمركز را كم مي كند نوشابه هاي گازدارهم همينطور هستند.

3- ذهن آدمي با هوش است اگر يادداشت برداريد خود را راحت از حفظ و بياد سپاري مطالب مي كند و نيز همزمان نمي توانيد هم مطلبي را بنويسيد و هم گوش دهيد . پس در حين مطالعه لطفا" يادداشت برداري ننمائيد .

 


موضوعات مرتبط: مطالب خواندنی

تاريخ : دوشنبه بیست و چهارم مهر ۱۳۹۱ | 9:51 | نویسنده : مسعود حکیمیان |
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